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Skip to main content. Credits: 1. Corequisite: BIMD Explain the three phases twitch undergoes as viewed on a myogram. Identify skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells by anatomical features. List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow, and intermediate muscle fibers. List the sources of energy used in muscle contraction. Module Muscular Homeostasis Describe how an improperly functioning skeletal muscular system would affect other systems.

Describe several factors that can affect the endurance of muscles. Explain the role of the muscular system in maintaining temperature homeostasis. Provide examples of factors that can affect muscle size. Module Muscular Integration of Systems Describe how an improperly functioning skeletal muscular system would affect other systems.

Describe how muscle tissue within the cardiovascular system contributes to proper function. Describe how muscle tissue within the digestive system contributes to proper function. Unit 7: Integumentary System Module Integumentary System Introduction Explore common facts and myths about the integumentarysystem. Explore examples of homeostasis in the integumentary system.

Identify and discuss components of the integumentarysystem. Module Integumentary Structures and Functions Describe the main function of each layer of the integumentary system. Module Integumentary Levels of Organization Contrast the structure and function ofeccrine merocrine glands, apocrine glands, and sebaceous glands.

Describe four functions of hair. Describe how the distribution of adipose tissue differs based on gender,age, diet and exercise. Describe how the molecular assembly of keratinsprovidesstrength to integumentary tissues. Describe inorder,from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization of the integumentary system. Describe the complementaryfunctioningof the cells of the epidermis. Describe the differences between the three categories of skin cancer.

Describe the function of melanin and discuss the consequences of reduced melanin. Describe the functions of melanocytes.

Describe the functions ofthe epidermis. Describe the production and function of vitamin D and discuss the consequences of reduced vitamin D. Describe the role of melanocytes inproducing skin pigmentation and also protecting mitotic cells inthestratum basale from UV damage.

Describe the structure and function offingernailsand toenails. Describe the structure and roles of the accessory structures of the integumentary system. Describe the structure of hair andof ahair follicle. Describe the three stages of hair growth. Describe the two different layers of the dermis. Explain common causes of hair loss. Explain how wrinkles and stretch marks are related to the collagen and elastin fibers in the dermis.

Explain why the histology of the dermisiswell-suitedfor its functions. Explain why the histology of theepidermis iswell-suitedfor its functions. Explain why the histology of thesubcutaneous layer iswell-suitedfor its functions.

Identify and describe the layers ofthe epidermis, indicating which are found in thin skin and which are found in thickskin. Identify and describe the subcutaneoustissue, including the tissue types making up subcutaneous tissue. Identify the cells of the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Identify the cells of theepidermis based on their location and anatomic structure stem cells ofthestratum basale, keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkelcells.

Identify the tissue type makingup the epidermis. Module Integumentary System Homeostasis Compare homeostasis of cell numberand mitotic rate in the epidermis with pathologicalconditions,including psoriasis and skin cancer. Comparethermoregulationby the integumentary systemas it pertainstosubcutaneous fat, hair,sweatand blood flow. Describe different sensory receptors located in the integumentary system.

Describe how a medical professional can use changes in the appearance of the skin to predict certain medical conditions. Describe the cells involved in repairing damaged skin. Describe the effect ofscarringon regeneration of accessory structures. Explain changes in the integumentary system that occur because of puberty and advanced age.

Predict issues related to loss ofskin in burn victims forfirst-,second-andthird-degreeburns. Unit 8: Endocrine System Module Endocrine Structures and Functions Define homeostasis and describe the multiple levels of homeostatic maintenance in physiology.

Describe the major functions of the endocrinesystem. Identify major diseases associated with the endocrine systemand their causes. Module Endocrine Levels of Organization Compare the hormones secreted from organs with secondaryendocrine function and the primary function of these organs.

Compare the production of hormones in the thyroid to otherendocrine glands. Define G-protein-coupled hormone receptors and describe howthey are messengers for signal transduction. Define intracellular and plasma membrane hormone receptors and describe howthey impact cellular gene expression.

Describe how hormones are involved in loops of homeostasisincluding positive feedback and negative feedback. Describe the endocrine glands and hormones involved in thereproductive system. Describe the precursor molecules of amino acidhormones. Describe the precursor molecules of lipid-derived hormones and identify howlipid-derived hormones are transported. Describe the precursor molecules of peptide-derivedhormones.

Describe the structure of the adrenal cortex and whathormones it produces. Describe the structure of the adrenal medulla and whathormones it produces. Describe the structure of the anterior pituitary and whathormones it produces. Describe the structure of the pancreas and whathormones it produces. Describe the structure of the parathyroid glands and whathormones these glands produce. Describe the structure of the pineal gland and whathormones it produces.

Describe the structure of the posterior pituitary and whathormones it produces. Describe the structure of the thyroid gland and whathormones it produces. Discuss how hormone receptors maintain specificity inendocrine regulation.

List and compare the mechanisms of hormonalstimulation. List the different locations for hormone receptors. List the endocrine glands, identify their locations within the body,and name the primary hormones that they secrete. List the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and describe thefunctions that these hormones regulate. Use anatomical terms to describe the location of the adrenal glandsand the layers of the adrenal glands. Module Endocrine System Homeostasis and Integration of Systems Describe differences between short-term and long-term stressresponses.

Describe how endocrine function regulates growth and list thehormones involved in the process. Describe how endocrine function regulates the femalereproductive system and list the hormones involved in the process.

Describe how endocrine function regulates the homeostasis ofcalcium levels in the body and list the hormones involved in the process. Describe how endocrine function regulates the homeostasis ofglucose and list the hormones involved in the process. Compare the roles of insulin andthyroid hormones. Describe how endocrine function regulates the homeostasis ofwater in the body and list the hormones involved in the process.

Describe how endocrine function regulates the male reproductivesystem and list the hormones involved in the process. Describe how endocrine function regulates the production of milk andlist the hormones involved in the process. Describe how endocrine function regulates the reproductive system. List the hormones that are common to males and females. Identify how endocrine function regulates the homeostasis ofdifferent organ systems in the body. Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine system thatcould disrupt homeostasis.

Module Digestive Structures and Functions Describe how material moves through the digestive system. Describe the major functions of the digestivesystem. Explain how mechanical and chemical digestion work togetherto produce absorbable nutrients. Explain how nutrients are absorbed in the digestivesystem. Identify and discuss the histology and functions of theplicae circulares, villi, and microvilli. Identify organs of the digestive system based on positionand structure; identify the general function of each.

Describe how secretions from the GI tract, salivary glands,pancreas and the liver work together to digest nutritive molecules in food. Describe how the stomach uses a combination of mechanical force and chemicals todigest food. Describe the defecation reflex and the function of theinternal and external anal sphincters.

Describe the functions of the different regions of the smallintestine. Describe the location of the parotid, submandibular, andsublingual glands and their respective ducts. Describe the pathway of the bolus from mouth to stomach,identifying major structures and describing their role in facilitating the process ofdeglutition swallowing.

Describe the pathway of the chyme through the stomach, identifying majorstructures and describing their adaptations and role in the various digestiveactivities. Describe the process of enzymatic hydrolysis for nutritiveorganic compounds Describe the role of bacteria living in the largeintestine.

Explain how different organ systems relate to one another to maintain homeostasis. Explain the process of deglutition, including the changes inposition of the glottis and larynx that prevent aspiration and peristalsis. Explain the regulation of gastric secretion in thecephalic phase, the gastric phase and the intestinal phase.

Identify and describe the histological structure and function of each of the four layers of the GI tract wall. Identify and discuss the functions of the gall bladder. Identify and discuss the functions of the large intestine andits structures. Identify and discuss the functions of the liver and its structures. Identify and discuss the functions of the pancreas and its structures.

Integrate the levels of organization in the digestive system andtheir functional interconnections. List the organs and specific structures involved in theabsorption of each nutrient. Relate the regional cell-level specializations withinthe digestive system to changing functions along the length of the GI tract. Module Digestive Homeostasis Explain how the digestive system relates to other bodysystems to maintain homeostasis. Unit Cardiovascular System Module Cardiovascular System Introduction Explain how the cardiovascular system performs the function of moving material through the body.

Identify major diseases associated with the cardiovascular system and their causes. Module Cardiovascular Structures and Functions Contrast the vasculature of the systemic and pulmonary circuits. Define blood pressure BP and describe factors that influence blood pressure. Define venous return and describe how skeletal muscles and the respiratory pump help maintain venous return.

Describe the cardiac cycle and all of its phases. Describe the conduction system of the heart, including the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating aspects of cardiac conduction.

Describe the different modes of transport that molecules may take during capillary exchange. Relate imbalances in capillary exchange to edema. Identify the waveforms in a normal ECG and relate them to the activity of the conduction system of the heart. Module Cardiovascular Levels of Organization Describe common changes of the circulatory system related to aging.

Describe the anatomical structure of the arteries in the body and relate it with their function. Describe the anatomical structure of the veins in the body and relate it with their function. Describe the anatomical structures of the heart and major blood vessels entering and leaving the heart. Relate the features of these structures to blood flow into, out of, and through the heart. Describe the anatomy of the aorta and its major branches and relate it with their functions.

Describe the basic process of hematopoiesis, where it occurs, and the significance of the pluripotent stem cell hemocytoblast in the process. Describe the features of blood that give it the characteristics of a connective tissue. Describe the functions for each of the five major types of leukocytes as well as the two major subtypes of lymphocytes T and B.

Describe the overall composition of plasma, including the major types of plasma proteins, their functions, and where in the body they are produced. Describe the phases of hemostasis. Describe the properties of the vessel wall layers tunica interna, media, externa and associate each with the function of different vessel types. Describe the structure and function of arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, and venules.

Describe the structure and function of platelets. Take free online courses in human anatomy to build your skills and advance your career. Learn human anatomy and other in-demand subjects with courses from top universities and institutions around the world on edX.

Human anatomy is the study of the bones, joints, muscles and systems of the human body. Human anatomy focuses on the structures of the body and the standard naming and definition of physical properties.

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